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Society and Government in 16th Cenutry England
The government structure and social traditions have changed tremendously since the sixteenth century. We hope that through this wikipage, you may understand more about the social and political situation in the particular period of time, from year 1558 to 1603.
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During her 45-year reign, the Elizabethan Era, England entered her strongest and richest period. this was the most remarkable period of English history.
Elizabeth I did an excellent job in external affairs. During the Elizabethan Era, England was at war with both Spain and France.
[edit] Spanish War Spain was a huge empire who ruled over most of Italy, part of France, most of Americas, the Netherlands and Spain herself. The King of Spain, Philip II, had an ambition to include England (Protestants) to his empire and restore Catholic faith to her. So he proposed to Elizabeth I, hoping to control England by marriage. But he was rebuffed. As his plan of marriage had failed, he decided to invade England by navy and violence, which was the notable 'Spanish Armada'. The 'Spain Armada' means 'Armed Force' in Engish. It was a great fleet of 130 warships. All the Spanish believed that it was a war impossible to lose. Tragically, the unbeatable 'Armada' never reached England.
Most of the warships were destroyed by the English ships' guns or the terrible storm that they encountered in the British Isles. Another reason for the failure of teh Spanish was the type of ship they used and the lack of sailors. The Spanish uesd to build big trading ships to carry valuable stock, such as gold, silver, china, silk, spices and exotic fine arts. These item had to be carefully stored. The Spanish engineeers put tonnes of heavy stones at the bottom of the ship to keep it steady. It managed to stabilize the ship, yet it slowed down its speed in general and its speed in reacting to their enemies' attack. The Spanish 'warships' were not able to escape from the England attackers with fine, light ships packed with gunpowder. Moreover, the Spanish warships had more soldiers than sailors, while the English warships had around 1400 soldiers and 1500 sailors. This greatly aided England as most battles take place at the sea. All these factors determined the destiny of Spain who weakened greatly after the war.
[edit] Legislative One of the legislative body is called the Parliament. The Parliament in the Elizabethan times was sub-divided into two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Lords was the upper house and was composed of aristocrats and bishops. Additionally, the Queen could actually appoint the members in the upper house and control part of the Parliament. However, she could not influence the lower house, the House of Commons. As the name had stated, the lower house was composed of common people, albeit landed gentry. They were, in fact, elected, though only by a small group of people. The one who was made a member of the Parliament was usually well-supported by important people in the society, so the election was actually quite corrupted. Moreover, only men who make a certain annual income could vote.
The Parliament was in charge of approving laws and taxes, in other words, money. As the Queen had no standing army, She had to raise money for every expeditionary force. During the war time, she asked the Parliament to raise tax payment in order to pay the soldiers. Elizabeth I had only called the Parliament in session for 16 times during her long reign. She asked for military expenditure in almost every meeting. This showed that Elizabeth I had very little experience in running the government with ordinary people and lacked a plan in using the national fund to improve socio-economis problems, one of her major tasks.
Although the Queen was not familiar with the internal affairs, with all her attention on foreign relationship, she appointed some key advisors as executive leaders to help her. For instance, Lord Burghley as Secretary of State, Sir Christopher Hatton as Lord Chancellor and Sir Francis Walsingham as Chief Spymaster. She very wise not to keep too many officers. there were only around 600 of them who worked for the national government.
The Privy Council was reponsible for the general administration of the country in the Central Government. Elizabeth I could decide on who was in the Council and usually selected the richest and the most influencial noblemen in the country. This ensured that they showed their interests. If she did not apply this method, they might have a good chance to rebel against her. The Privy Council used to be rather large in the reign of Queen Mary I. But Elizabeth did not approve of this. She believed that too many councillors with different ideas would cause more problems rather than solve them. Her first Council only had nineteen members, compared to about fifty members under her predecessor. By her death in 1603, the numbers had been reduced to thirteen.
[edit] Executive The Privy Councillors were involved in a variety of governmental issues, such as religion, military matters, the Queen's security, economy and social welfare. They could be called on to deal with matters of national interest, and also, surprisingly, very mundane issues that affected individuals rather than the country. Another principal role of the Council was to advise the Queen on decision-making when she needed. The Council did not always agree, however, the Queen would listen to all the sides before she made decisions. The power to decide on matters was still in Elizabeth I 's hand. This increased her power to a degree, as it meant that she was never faced with a united Privy Council. If, for example, the Privy Council had agreed upon a husband for her, it would have been rather difficult and awkward for Elizabeth to disagree with them. They were all agreed that she should marry, but could not decide who she should marry. For additional information, the Council used to have three meetings per week in Elzabeth I's early reign. But it had evoloved to daily meetings by the end of reign. The meeting was chaired by the Queen and the Secretary of the State would usually be the leader of the Privy Council. This is the same as the relationship between the Chief Executive and the Executive Council in Hong Kong. The great and notable man was Lord Burghley, William Cecil. He also served as the Queen's personal secretary and he had remarkable achievement. He was wise and cautious, and worked well with Elizabeth I. She trusted him above all men, and he was her chief advisor until he died in 1598. So well did they work together, that some historians have debated whether the success of the Elizabethan regime was due to Elizabeth I herself, or whether it was down to Cecil.
The department of spy, a part of the executive government, was probably the most interesting part of the entire government. Elizabeth I was constantly worried about restoration of Catholicism and rebellion. She had played spy game throughtout her reign. Here is one interesting example:
Playwrights in Elizabethan time struggled to make a living. They were only paid a few shillings for a play and did not get another penny even if the play was a great success. So playwrights took up other jobs to make some money. Christopher Marlowe was a playwright, but a spy at the same time.He was killed in a fight in an eating house in London. It was made to look like an accident, but many historians believe he was murdered given his spying activities. Another playwright of the time, Ben Jonson, was involved in the spying that led to the arrest of Guy Fawkes.
[edit] Judiciary Whenever we mention 'Justice', we may think of laws and trials. Laws, in Elizabethan Era, were made by the Parliament and must be approved by the Queen. No law could be passed without her consent. However, the Queen could make laws without the Parliament's approval, in what were called the "Royal Proclamation". If the Queen wanted, or somehow, she and her Privy Council could not get the Parliament to agree on certain measures, they would resort to proclamations. These proclamations must also be obeyed in the whole of England. If anyone rebelled against her will, it was a violation of the Law, and might be accused of treason, for which the punishment was the death penalty.
Apart from laws, trials were taken in courts. The most important courts were probably the Great Session (or Assizes), held twice a year in each county, and the Quarter Sessions Court, held four times a year. These courts dealt with most of the crimes, for example, theft ( If a person stole more than a shilling, he or she would be hanged), witchcraft, recusancy, murder( Offenders were always put to dealth) and assault. Seroius criminals would be sentenced to death while the punishment for lesser crimes were imprisonment or the stocks, or sometimes both. The Assizes in particular had the power to inflict harsh punishments. As for minor crimes, there were other courts such as the Petty Sessions, Manor courts, or even town courts. For civil cases, there were various courts to choose from, but choice was limited by a person's wealth. And the Church Courts were important in dealing with religious or moral affairs. The trial for committing high treason was carried in front of the Queen and her administors.
The Council of the North, residing in York, was responsible for the North of England, and the Council of the Marches was responsible for Wales and some of the English border counties. During Elizabeth I's reign, it became settled in Ludlow, which made it effectively the capital of Wales, although it was in England. Local governments were very important in Tudor's and Elizabethan times. The governments aimed at ensuring the Queen's commands and the laws of the land were being obeyed.
In the two Councils,the principal officials were the royal representatives in every county. The most important of them were the Justice of the Peace, the Sheriffs and later the Lord Lieuntenants. Cities and towns even had their own hierarchy of government, and various officials to manage certain matters. The official-in-chief would be the mayor.
Under the two Councils, all the rural areas were in fact self-governed by nobility and gentry. Land was a great power throughout Elizabeth I's reign. People who possessed land were wealthy and they were masters of the tenants of the farming estates. The nobles and gentry were responsible in assisting the Queen in governing the land over which they presided, so they were obligated to hear grievances of the peasants and solved the problems. For instance, they might even need to build a hospital or a school. In return, tenants owed loyalty to their lord, if called upon, they were expected to fight for their master or mistress. This was one of the reasons why Tudor's monarchs (especially Elizabeth I) feared rebellion within the country. Rebellion was the most common among noblemen in most cases. They were most likely to command the loyalty of a significant portion of the whole population. Indeed, the political or religious views of an aristocrat was very important as it could and did influence the views of his tenants and subjects.
However, they were not the worst. There were about 3 million inhabitants in the country, sparsely populated. In cities such as London, the population was expanding. London was full of cut-throats, beggars, prostitutes and thieves. Crimes had enormous force in the darkest corner of the city. The local police force were formed by peasants and tenant farmers gathered by the landlords. They were not even trained and only armed by the simpliest weapon. The local police force was very inefficient in catching criminals. As a result, crimes were almost 'encouraged'. Furthermore, fleas and rats caused the disastrous plague. All these led to chaos in the society.
During the 16th century there was an inflation, especially in the mid-century, where prices rose steeply. Wages rose by a smaller extent compared to the prices, so real earnings fell. The economy reached its trough in 1597. The years 1594-97 were ones of famine. In Cumbria, the poorest and most isolated part of England, people starved to death. Noblemen and the rich had no challenge to survive in the famine.
There was a huge wealth gap back then. While the rich enjoyed their luxurious lives, the poor were suffering from food shortage. The major problems in the country were economic failure and hygiene. The economy fell badly due to inflation, food shortage and high taxes and rent for the basic farming estates.
The government and Elizabeth I did very little to improve the situation. There were no national simple socio-economic assistance, except for the disabled, the orphans and the mad. Still, the Queen was well-respected for her performance in external affairs.
The minority of the society lived a comfortable life. They included the noblemen and rich merchants. The noblemen earned money by letting out farming estates to peasants. As for the rich merchants, apart from letting out farmland, they sold exotic spices, silk, cotton and slaves that were directly imported from Asia, America and Africa at very low prices. The merchants earned a handsome profit.
The upper and the middle classes had a big improvement in their standard of living. As the country grew more and more prosperous, the homes of the well off became more and more luxurious. Large mansions filled with beautiful paintings and luxuries of values which can possibly feed an entire family of six in the lower class for a year.
2. The able-bodied poor normally referred to those who were unable to find work - either due to cyclical or long term unemployment in the area, or a lack of skills. Attempts to assist these people by moving them out of this category varied over the centuries and usually consisted of relief either in the form of work or money.
3. The 'vagrants' or 'beggars', sometimes termed 'sturdy rogues', were deemed those who could work but had refused to. Such people were seen in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as potential criminals, apt to do mischief when hired for the purpose. They were normally seen as people needing punishment, and were often whipped in the market place as an example to others, or sometimes sent to the so-called 'House of Correction'. This group was also termed the idle poor.
Yet around the 1600s, England developed quite a modern provision of social security. It was called The Poor Law. The Poor Law was the system for the provision of social security in operation in England and Wales from the 16th century until the establishment of the Welfare State in the 20th century. It was made up of several Acts of Parliament and subsequent Amendments. The extreme longevity of the Poor Law meant that some of the generalisations made about it, such as the use of workhouses, refer to only a part of its history.
Contents[hide] |
[edit] Government
[edit] Who ruled the country and how?
Elizabeth I (7 September 1533-24 March 1603), daughter of Henry VIII ruled over England from 17 November 1558 to 24 March 1603. She was the Queen of England, Queen of Ireland and Queen of France (in name only). She was also sometimes referred to The Virgin Queen, or Good Queen Bess, and was immortalized by Edmund Spenser as The Faerie Queene.During her 45-year reign, the Elizabethan Era, England entered her strongest and richest period. this was the most remarkable period of English history.
Elizabeth I did an excellent job in external affairs. During the Elizabethan Era, England was at war with both Spain and France.
[edit] Spanish War Spain was a huge empire who ruled over most of Italy, part of France, most of Americas, the Netherlands and Spain herself. The King of Spain, Philip II, had an ambition to include England (Protestants) to his empire and restore Catholic faith to her. So he proposed to Elizabeth I, hoping to control England by marriage. But he was rebuffed. As his plan of marriage had failed, he decided to invade England by navy and violence, which was the notable 'Spanish Armada'. The 'Spain Armada' means 'Armed Force' in Engish. It was a great fleet of 130 warships. All the Spanish believed that it was a war impossible to lose. Tragically, the unbeatable 'Armada' never reached England.
Most of the warships were destroyed by the English ships' guns or the terrible storm that they encountered in the British Isles. Another reason for the failure of teh Spanish was the type of ship they used and the lack of sailors. The Spanish uesd to build big trading ships to carry valuable stock, such as gold, silver, china, silk, spices and exotic fine arts. These item had to be carefully stored. The Spanish engineeers put tonnes of heavy stones at the bottom of the ship to keep it steady. It managed to stabilize the ship, yet it slowed down its speed in general and its speed in reacting to their enemies' attack. The Spanish 'warships' were not able to escape from the England attackers with fine, light ships packed with gunpowder. Moreover, the Spanish warships had more soldiers than sailors, while the English warships had around 1400 soldiers and 1500 sailors. This greatly aided England as most battles take place at the sea. All these factors determined the destiny of Spain who weakened greatly after the war.
[edit] Government Structure
Elizabeth I's government was very structured and complicated. The government was first divided into two layers, national and local. We will first introduce the national bodies.[edit] National Government
In mordern concept, the government is divided into three branches, the Legislative, the Executive and the Judiciary.[edit] Legislative One of the legislative body is called the Parliament. The Parliament in the Elizabethan times was sub-divided into two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Lords was the upper house and was composed of aristocrats and bishops. Additionally, the Queen could actually appoint the members in the upper house and control part of the Parliament. However, she could not influence the lower house, the House of Commons. As the name had stated, the lower house was composed of common people, albeit landed gentry. They were, in fact, elected, though only by a small group of people. The one who was made a member of the Parliament was usually well-supported by important people in the society, so the election was actually quite corrupted. Moreover, only men who make a certain annual income could vote.
The Parliament was in charge of approving laws and taxes, in other words, money. As the Queen had no standing army, She had to raise money for every expeditionary force. During the war time, she asked the Parliament to raise tax payment in order to pay the soldiers. Elizabeth I had only called the Parliament in session for 16 times during her long reign. She asked for military expenditure in almost every meeting. This showed that Elizabeth I had very little experience in running the government with ordinary people and lacked a plan in using the national fund to improve socio-economis problems, one of her major tasks.
Although the Queen was not familiar with the internal affairs, with all her attention on foreign relationship, she appointed some key advisors as executive leaders to help her. For instance, Lord Burghley as Secretary of State, Sir Christopher Hatton as Lord Chancellor and Sir Francis Walsingham as Chief Spymaster. She very wise not to keep too many officers. there were only around 600 of them who worked for the national government.
The Privy Council was reponsible for the general administration of the country in the Central Government. Elizabeth I could decide on who was in the Council and usually selected the richest and the most influencial noblemen in the country. This ensured that they showed their interests. If she did not apply this method, they might have a good chance to rebel against her. The Privy Council used to be rather large in the reign of Queen Mary I. But Elizabeth did not approve of this. She believed that too many councillors with different ideas would cause more problems rather than solve them. Her first Council only had nineteen members, compared to about fifty members under her predecessor. By her death in 1603, the numbers had been reduced to thirteen.
[edit] Executive The Privy Councillors were involved in a variety of governmental issues, such as religion, military matters, the Queen's security, economy and social welfare. They could be called on to deal with matters of national interest, and also, surprisingly, very mundane issues that affected individuals rather than the country. Another principal role of the Council was to advise the Queen on decision-making when she needed. The Council did not always agree, however, the Queen would listen to all the sides before she made decisions. The power to decide on matters was still in Elizabeth I 's hand. This increased her power to a degree, as it meant that she was never faced with a united Privy Council. If, for example, the Privy Council had agreed upon a husband for her, it would have been rather difficult and awkward for Elizabeth to disagree with them. They were all agreed that she should marry, but could not decide who she should marry. For additional information, the Council used to have three meetings per week in Elzabeth I's early reign. But it had evoloved to daily meetings by the end of reign. The meeting was chaired by the Queen and the Secretary of the State would usually be the leader of the Privy Council. This is the same as the relationship between the Chief Executive and the Executive Council in Hong Kong. The great and notable man was Lord Burghley, William Cecil. He also served as the Queen's personal secretary and he had remarkable achievement. He was wise and cautious, and worked well with Elizabeth I. She trusted him above all men, and he was her chief advisor until he died in 1598. So well did they work together, that some historians have debated whether the success of the Elizabethan regime was due to Elizabeth I herself, or whether it was down to Cecil.
The department of spy, a part of the executive government, was probably the most interesting part of the entire government. Elizabeth I was constantly worried about restoration of Catholicism and rebellion. She had played spy game throughtout her reign. Here is one interesting example:
Playwrights in Elizabethan time struggled to make a living. They were only paid a few shillings for a play and did not get another penny even if the play was a great success. So playwrights took up other jobs to make some money. Christopher Marlowe was a playwright, but a spy at the same time.He was killed in a fight in an eating house in London. It was made to look like an accident, but many historians believe he was murdered given his spying activities. Another playwright of the time, Ben Jonson, was involved in the spying that led to the arrest of Guy Fawkes.
[edit] Judiciary Whenever we mention 'Justice', we may think of laws and trials. Laws, in Elizabethan Era, were made by the Parliament and must be approved by the Queen. No law could be passed without her consent. However, the Queen could make laws without the Parliament's approval, in what were called the "Royal Proclamation". If the Queen wanted, or somehow, she and her Privy Council could not get the Parliament to agree on certain measures, they would resort to proclamations. These proclamations must also be obeyed in the whole of England. If anyone rebelled against her will, it was a violation of the Law, and might be accused of treason, for which the punishment was the death penalty.
Apart from laws, trials were taken in courts. The most important courts were probably the Great Session (or Assizes), held twice a year in each county, and the Quarter Sessions Court, held four times a year. These courts dealt with most of the crimes, for example, theft ( If a person stole more than a shilling, he or she would be hanged), witchcraft, recusancy, murder( Offenders were always put to dealth) and assault. Seroius criminals would be sentenced to death while the punishment for lesser crimes were imprisonment or the stocks, or sometimes both. The Assizes in particular had the power to inflict harsh punishments. As for minor crimes, there were other courts such as the Petty Sessions, Manor courts, or even town courts. For civil cases, there were various courts to choose from, but choice was limited by a person's wealth. And the Church Courts were important in dealing with religious or moral affairs. The trial for committing high treason was carried in front of the Queen and her administors.
[edit] Local Government
Since The Queen Elizabeth I ruled over a large piece of land (England and Wales), it was impossibe for her and her central government to oversee the administration and social situation in the entire country. So the Queen established The Council of the North and The Council of the Marches to help her with local affairs.The Council of the North, residing in York, was responsible for the North of England, and the Council of the Marches was responsible for Wales and some of the English border counties. During Elizabeth I's reign, it became settled in Ludlow, which made it effectively the capital of Wales, although it was in England. Local governments were very important in Tudor's and Elizabethan times. The governments aimed at ensuring the Queen's commands and the laws of the land were being obeyed.
In the two Councils,the principal officials were the royal representatives in every county. The most important of them were the Justice of the Peace, the Sheriffs and later the Lord Lieuntenants. Cities and towns even had their own hierarchy of government, and various officials to manage certain matters. The official-in-chief would be the mayor.
Under the two Councils, all the rural areas were in fact self-governed by nobility and gentry. Land was a great power throughout Elizabeth I's reign. People who possessed land were wealthy and they were masters of the tenants of the farming estates. The nobles and gentry were responsible in assisting the Queen in governing the land over which they presided, so they were obligated to hear grievances of the peasants and solved the problems. For instance, they might even need to build a hospital or a school. In return, tenants owed loyalty to their lord, if called upon, they were expected to fight for their master or mistress. This was one of the reasons why Tudor's monarchs (especially Elizabeth I) feared rebellion within the country. Rebellion was the most common among noblemen in most cases. They were most likely to command the loyalty of a significant portion of the whole population. Indeed, the political or religious views of an aristocrat was very important as it could and did influence the views of his tenants and subjects.
[edit] Society
[edit] What was the society like?
Most of the population was very poor. They lived in small villages and made their living from farming or craftsmanship. Their living condition was very harsh. They could only rent a small place and build a hut with the simplest furniture. The crops and assets a peasant could own were limited.However, they were not the worst. There were about 3 million inhabitants in the country, sparsely populated. In cities such as London, the population was expanding. London was full of cut-throats, beggars, prostitutes and thieves. Crimes had enormous force in the darkest corner of the city. The local police force were formed by peasants and tenant farmers gathered by the landlords. They were not even trained and only armed by the simpliest weapon. The local police force was very inefficient in catching criminals. As a result, crimes were almost 'encouraged'. Furthermore, fleas and rats caused the disastrous plague. All these led to chaos in the society.
During the 16th century there was an inflation, especially in the mid-century, where prices rose steeply. Wages rose by a smaller extent compared to the prices, so real earnings fell. The economy reached its trough in 1597. The years 1594-97 were ones of famine. In Cumbria, the poorest and most isolated part of England, people starved to death. Noblemen and the rich had no challenge to survive in the famine.
There was a huge wealth gap back then. While the rich enjoyed their luxurious lives, the poor were suffering from food shortage. The major problems in the country were economic failure and hygiene. The economy fell badly due to inflation, food shortage and high taxes and rent for the basic farming estates.
The government and Elizabeth I did very little to improve the situation. There were no national simple socio-economic assistance, except for the disabled, the orphans and the mad. Still, the Queen was well-respected for her performance in external affairs.
[edit] How did people make a living?
16th century England was an agricultural society. However, trading developed rapidly and was getting more and more common.The minority of the society lived a comfortable life. They included the noblemen and rich merchants. The noblemen earned money by letting out farming estates to peasants. As for the rich merchants, apart from letting out farmland, they sold exotic spices, silk, cotton and slaves that were directly imported from Asia, America and Africa at very low prices. The merchants earned a handsome profit.
The upper and the middle classes had a big improvement in their standard of living. As the country grew more and more prosperous, the homes of the well off became more and more luxurious. Large mansions filled with beautiful paintings and luxuries of values which can possibly feed an entire family of six in the lower class for a year.
[edit] Classification of the Poor
1. The impotent poor could not look after themselves or go to work. They included the ill, the infirm, the elderly, and children with no-one to properly care for them. It was generally held that they should be looked after.2. The able-bodied poor normally referred to those who were unable to find work - either due to cyclical or long term unemployment in the area, or a lack of skills. Attempts to assist these people by moving them out of this category varied over the centuries and usually consisted of relief either in the form of work or money.
3. The 'vagrants' or 'beggars', sometimes termed 'sturdy rogues', were deemed those who could work but had refused to. Such people were seen in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as potential criminals, apt to do mischief when hired for the purpose. They were normally seen as people needing punishment, and were often whipped in the market place as an example to others, or sometimes sent to the so-called 'House of Correction'. This group was also termed the idle poor.
[edit] Law
[edit] Law System
The poor did live in a very harsh environment. People had a hard time finding a job. In Elizabethan times there were thousands of jobless people wandering around looking for work. There were also disabled beggars or people who pretended to be insane or disabled in order to beg. The governments back then tolerated disabled people to beg. However, they did not allow able-bodied people wandering around begging. They saw such 'sturdy vagabonds' as a threat to law and order. This is incomprehensible in today's society.Yet around the 1600s, England developed quite a modern provision of social security. It was called The Poor Law. The Poor Law was the system for the provision of social security in operation in England and Wales from the 16th century until the establishment of the Welfare State in the 20th century. It was made up of several Acts of Parliament and subsequent Amendments. The extreme longevity of the Poor Law meant that some of the generalisations made about it, such as the use of workhouses, refer to only a part of its history.
[edit] How does the law system today differ from that in Elizabethan times?
The most different concept in the Elizabethan time law system from today is that death penalty was more frequently sentenced. In modern society, life is considered very valuable and is respected. Criminals cannot be sentenced the death penalty nowadays for a crime that they would have rightfully deserved such punishment in the 16th century. Some countries even abolish the death penalty and imprisonment is the most severe punishment already. However, in the Elizabethan times, cruel punishments such as cutting someone's ear off and whipping was common. Public executions were made an entertainment. The general divergence might be the attitude toward criminals.[edit] Reference
- Book: How Do People Make A Living
- Book: Top Ten Shakespeare Stories by Terry Deary
- Book: Essential Shkespeare Handbook
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